The impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries: a rapid review.

Pandemic mitigation measures can have a negative impact on access and provision of essential healthcare services including sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. This rapid review looked at the literature on the impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on SRH and gender-based violence (GBV) on women in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) using WHO rapid review guidance. We looked at relevant literature published in the English language from January 2020 to October 2021 from LMICs using WHO rapid review methods. A total of 114 articles were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar and grey literature of which 20 met the eligible criteria. Our review found that there was an overall reduction in; (a) uptake of services as shown by lower antenatal, postnatal and family planning clinic attendance, (b) service delivery as shown by reduced health facility deliveries, and post abortion care services and (c) reproductive health outcomes as shown by an increase in incidence of GBV especially intimate partner violence. COVID-19 mitigation measures negatively impact SRH of women in LMICs. Findings from this review could inform policy makers in the health sector to recognise the potential adverse effects of COVID-19 responses on SRH in the country, and therefore implement mitigation measures.

Women in Health and their Economic, Equity and Livelihood statuses during Emergency Preparedness (WHEELER) Protocol: A mixed methods study in Kenya (preprint)

Introduction: Kenya reported its first COVID-19 case on March 13, 2020. Pandemic-driven health system changes followed, as did mitigation measures. These measures had unintended health, economic, and societal consequences: Kenyan women in paid and unpaid employment bore the brunt. This protocol aims to identify potential gender equality and health equity gaps, and possible disproportional health and socio-economic impacts experienced by paid and unpaid female health care providers in Kilifi and Mombasa Counties during the COVID − 19 pandemic. It will also identify evidence-based policy options for future safeguarding of the unpaid and paid female health work force during emergency preparedness, response and recovery periods. Methods: Participatory mixed methods framed by a health equity, gender analysis and human-centred design will be used to engage the unpaid and paid health workforce in the research. Research implementation will follow four of the five phases of the human centred design approach which include, empathize phase, define phase, ideate &synthesis phase, prototype/critical review phase, and testing phase. Data collection in the empathize phase will utilize qualitative (focus group discussions and in-depth interviews) and quantitative (survey questionnaire) to explore perceptions, experiences, needs and priorities of health care providers in relation to COVID-19. This will then be further explored and contextualised in the define phase. In the ideate& synthesis phase, workshops with key stakeholders and health care providers will brainstorm and propose as many gender equitable and transformative recovery solutions as possible for future pandemic preparedness based on the findings from the define phase. In the prototype and critical review phase, the solutions proposed will then be critically appraised and packaged as policy and strategic recommendations that are gender- sensitive and transformative. Community research advisory groups and local advisory boards will be established to ensure integration and sustainability of the participatory research design. Discussion: Globally, seven out of ten health workers are women. This study will generate evidence on root cultural, structural, socio-economic and political factors that perpetuate gender inequities and female disadvantage in the paid and unpaid health sector. Such evidence is critical for the realization of women’s rights, well-being and livelihoods, and for development of gender- sensitive and transformative health systems that can withstand future emergencies and structural shocks.